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第一章——开始

第一章——开始

1.1 编写一个简单的C++程序

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int main() {

return 0;
}

1.2 初始输入输出

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#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "这是标准输出\n" << "输出之后还可以继续输出"<< std::endl; // std::endl操纵符的一种
std::cerr << "这是标准错误" << std::endl;
std::clog << "这是C++定义的日志输出流" << std::endl;
int var_int;
double var_double;
std::cin >> var_int >> var_double; // 这是标准输入,输入之后可以继续输入

return 0;
}

1.3 注释简介

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#include <iostream>
/*
* 这是一种注释的写法,这种写法没有嵌套一说
*/

// 这是另外一种注释的写法

1.4 控制流

1.4.1 while循环

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#include <iostream>
int main() {
unsigned loop1 = 0;
while (++loop1 < 10) {
std::cout << "loop1现在等于" << loop1 << std::endl;
}

unsigned loop2 = 0;
do {
std::cout << "loop2现在等于" << loop2 << std::endl;
} while(++loop2 < 10);
}

1.4.2 for语句

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#include <iostream>
int main() {
for (int loop = 0; loop < 10; loop++) {
std::cout << "loop1现在等于" << loop1 << std::endl;
}
}

1.4.3 输入数量不定的输入数据

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#include <iostream>

int main() {
int sum = 0;
int read_in;
while (std::cin >> read_in) { // cin可以用作条件判断,判断是否已无法读入更多数据
sum += read_in;
}
std::cout << "加和为" << "sum" << std::endl;
}

1.4.4 if 语句

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#include <iostream>

int main() {
int read_in;
std::cin >> read_in;
if (read_in >= 100) {
std::cout << "当前read_in不小于100\n";
} else {
std::cout << "当前read_in小于100\n";
}
return 0;
}

1.5 类简介

这小节开始,就开始接触类设计了。这本书的写作思路是先让读者将类类型用起来,然后再逐渐教会读者如何自定义类类型。刚开始的Demo代码需要用到书本提供的Sales_item.h类,已经放在文章末尾,在编码时直接引用就好

1.5.1 Sales_item 类

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#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() {
Sales_item book1; // 类型的含义为“数据以及可以在这个数据上可以进行的操作的集合”,一个具体的类就是一个“类型”
std::cin >> book1; // 类类型可以支持各种操作,包括输入输出,就看编程人员怎么定义(实现)这个类
Sales_item book2;
std::cin >> book2;

std::cout << book1 + book2 << std::endl; // 相加操作以及输出操作
return 0;
}

1.5.2 初始成员函数

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#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() {
Sales_item item1, item2;
std::cin >> item1 >> item2;

if (item1.isbn() == item2.isbn()) { // 类可以实现成员函数
std::cout << item1 + item2 << std::endl;
return 0;
} else {
std::cerr << "序号必须一样" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
}

术语表

Sales_item.h

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/*
* This file contains code from "C++ Primer, Fifth Edition", by Stanley B.
* Lippman, Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo, and is covered under the
* copyright and warranty notices given in that book:
*
* "Copyright (c) 2013 by Objectwrite, Inc., Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo."
*
*
* "The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book,
* but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no
* responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for
* incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the
* use of the information or programs contained herein."
*
* Permission is granted for this code to be used for educational purposes in
* association with the book, given proper citation if and when posted or
* reproduced.Any commercial use of this code requires the explicit written
* permission of the publisher, Addison-Wesley Professional, a division of
* Pearson Education, Inc. Send your request for permission, stating clearly
* what code you would like to use, and in what specific way, to the following
* address:
*
* Pearson Education, Inc.
* Rights and Permissions Department
* One Lake Street
* Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
* Fax: (201) 236-3290
*/

/* This file defines the Sales_item class used in chapter 1.
* The code used in this file will be explained in
* Chapter 7 (Classes) and Chapter 14 (Overloaded Operators)
* Readers shouldn't try to understand the code in this file
* until they have read those chapters.
*/

#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined
#define SALESITEM_H

// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270
// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool
operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
// constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
// default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
Sales_item() = default;
Sales_item(const std::string &book): bookNo(book) { }
Sales_item(std::istream &is) { is >> *this; }
public:
// operations on Sales_item objects
// member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);

// operations on Sales_item objects
std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
double avg_price() const;
// private members as before
private:
std::string bookNo; // implicitly initialized to the empty string
unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
double revenue = 0.0;
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{ return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn(); }

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool
operator==(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
// must be made a friend of Sales_item
return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool
operator!=(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs)
{
units_sold += rhs.units_sold;
revenue += rhs.revenue;
return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs)
{
Sales_item ret(lhs); // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
ret += rhs; // add in the contents of (|rhs|)
return ret; // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream&
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
double price;
in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
// check that the inputs succeeded
if (in)
s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
else
s = Sales_item(); // input failed: reset object to default state
return in;
}

std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
out << s.isbn() << " " << s.units_sold << " "
<< s.revenue << " " << s.avg_price();
return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
if (units_sold)
return revenue/units_sold;
else
return 0;
}
#endif